波兰华沙起义丘：城市记忆、生态与景观设计的整合
Warsaw Uprising Mound in Warsaw, Poland: Integration of Urban Memory, Ecology, and Landscape Design
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切尔尼亚科夫斯克丘现在被称为华沙起义丘，原本是一处战后的废墟堆积地，现已转变为一个象征性的绿色活力空间，是战后华沙城市景观韧性和持续演变的特殊证明，具象化了华沙的历史遗产，体现了纪念意义和生态更新。
1. 起源及历史意义
这个土丘最初是“二战”后重建阶段的城市废墟堆积地，从20世纪40年代末到60年代中期一直作为垃圾填埋场被使用，而现在发展成为35 m高的绿色城市景观。这种从废墟到绿色空间的转变突显了城市设计和规划中的常见议题，特别是如何振兴受过历史创伤的空间，以保留集体记忆并促进公众参与。
1994年，华沙起义老兵——尤晶纽斯·阿耶夫斯基中校提议将这个土丘改造成纪念场地。阿耶夫斯基与世界陆军士兵协会合作，开始了纪念碑的安装工作，并将该地点重新命名为华沙起义丘。这一草根运动早于官方认可，使土丘成为一处纪念场所，除纪念碑以外的其他区域则用于休闲活动。这一概念被纳入2019年的设计竞赛中，该竞赛提议在场地内整合休闲设施，融合历史纪念和社区用途。
2. 第四自然在生态设计中的作用
土丘区域是“第四自然”理念的一个范例。“第四自然”是一种景观设计概念，指自然植被在被人忽视的区域自发生长，通过增强生物多样性而提升自然美感。设计师观察到了这种自然再生现象，培育先锋和入侵物种来建立平衡的生态系统，并采用束状围栏和保水系统等技术来对抗侵蚀和破坏，使场地中的植物群落在没有人为干预的情况下自然生长。
此外，一项基于植物社会学的研究指导了本地植物品种的选择，确保该地区的生态系统在最小干预下蓬勃发展。生态设计辅以无照明区域来支持夜间野生动物的活动，体现了一种全面、多元化的景观设计理念——既尊重自然环境又尊重城市社区的需求。
3. 再生的遗产和资源重复利用
受华沙在城市重建中使用战争废墟的历史启发，建筑师们试验了一种被称为“华沙城市砖”的瓦砾混凝土复合材料。这种材料成为公园的挡土墙和展览元素，体现了当代环境规划的循环设计理念。复合材料的运用突出了景观设计中耐久性和独创性的原则，加强了该领域对创建弹性基础设施的关注。
4. 以社区为中心的无障碍和休闲场所设计
作为一座包容性城市公园，土丘区域设计了无障碍通道。蜿蜒穿过林间的高架步道与附近快速发展的住宅区无缝连接，反映了设计团队尊重自然栖息地的综合性城市设计理念。
公园的休闲区域包括游乐场和野餐区，尊重土丘纪念以及家庭友好环境的双重地位。在这个基址上，自然游乐场促进代际互动，鼓励游客与“第四自然”环境互动。这种记忆和娱乐功能的平衡是城市景观设计的一种新兴趋势，即空间设计兼顾历史纪念和公共用途。
5. 一个供缅怀和反思的场所
坡顶的广场以具有象征意义的“Kotwica”纪念碑（波兰地下国和本土军队的象征）为标志，是纪念华沙起义的核心场所。这个圆形广场营造出一种沉思的氛围，让游客反思城市的韧性，其空间形式和美学灵感受到欧洲土丘的启发，强调了景观设计如何将象征性和功能性融合在一起，体现了城市设计在公共空间中封装历史的潜力。
从巴尔蒂茨卡街进入的广场与土丘顶端和公园主入口的轴线连接，作为公园和城市景观之间的关键界面，为路过的行人提供了远眺土丘山顶景观的独特视角，成为吸引游人进入公园的关键节点。在这里，游客既能感受到华沙起义的历史纪念意义，又能看到象征城市战后重生的标志，并体验到公园的休闲功能。
广场入口处作为一个户外展示区，与高大的填充着碎石的石笼墙相结合，使华沙毁灭和重生的故事徐徐展开，将战时历史与当下联系起来。信息板上详细介绍了土丘的自然和社会遗产，以及从战前建筑中回收的砖块的来源，让游客更深入地将展示内容与华沙悠久历史遗产联系起来。通往山顶的“W”形台阶上也摆放着更大的碎石块。
6. 整合沟壑和自然特色
贯穿土丘的沟壑由钢筋混凝土和碎石斜坡构成，揭示了公园地表下的历史层次。这种生物可接受、可回收混凝土的使用，是对华沙战后使用瓦砾进行建设的历史致敬。随着时间的推移，这种复合材料会自然风化，逐渐融入景观之中。这些特点说明了景观设计和城市历史的交融，通过有形的景观元素展示了华沙重建的悠久历史。
7. 活的遗产：在城市景观设计中整合记忆、休闲和生态
华沙起义丘展示了景观、历史记忆和城市设计如何错综复杂地编织一个有凝聚力的公共空间。通过可持续实践、资源回收和以社区为中心的特定场地设计，土丘成为景观和城市规划的现代化实践范例，从废墟到意义重大的生活纪念馆的转变展示了绿色空间设计的方法创新。这个不断发展的场地展示了具有历史意义的地点成为充满活力的生态和社区中心空间的潜力，契合了当前将文化遗产融入当代城市景观的趋势。
（编辑/李清清）
项目名称：波兰华沙起义丘纪念公园
项目类型：公园/公共空间
项目地点：波兰华沙市
项目面积：82 919 m2
设计时间：2021—2022年
完成时间：2023年
设计公司：华沙archigrest建筑事务所、topoScape设计公司
混凝土技术：TBAiS克日什托夫·库尼奇克
植物社会学咨询：皮奥特·西科尔斯基
展览-遗产之路设计：亚当·普兹瓦拉
展览-自然步道设计：卡斯帕·雅库博斯基
展览的视觉识别与平面设计：卡贾·库什特拉
首席设计师：马切伊·考夫曼、马尔钦·马拉谢克、尤斯蒂娜·杰杰科、玛格达莱娜·乌涅克
设计团队：卡罗丽娜·波特布斯卡、阿加塔·霍尔登迈耶、娜塔莉亚·雅内克、耶日·普日霍德尼、米哈乌·特拉文斯基、拉法乌·穆拉夫斯基、乔安娜·希拉克、安娜·斯特尼茨卡、阿格涅什卡·塔马
建筑设计师：康布德·克日什托夫·古拉伊，帕维尔·科莫雷克
图片来源：图1、4、7、13©华沙Archigrest建筑事务所和Toposcape设计公司；图2、3、5、6、10~12、14、15©米哈乌·什拉加；图8©拉法尔·莫蒂尔、切萨里·瓦什；图9©华沙Archigrest建筑事务所
翻译：陈卓谧
The Czerniakowski Mound, now known as the Warsaw Uprising Mound, stands as a remarkable testament to Warsaw’s post-war resilience and ongoing evolution within the urban landscape. Originally a post-war rubble deposit site, it has been transformed into a symbolic and green vital space. This site embodies the historical legacy of Warsaw, embracing both remembrance and ecological renewal.
1. Origins and Historical Significance
The mound began as a repository for the ruins of war-torn Warsaw, accumulated during the post-WWII reconstruction phase. Active as a dumping ground from the late 1940s to the mid-1960s, the site evolved from a wasteland to a verdant urban feature standing 35 meters high. Its transformation from rubble to a green space highlights themes prevalent in urban design and planning, notably in how spaces of historical trauma can be revitalized to foster collective memory and public engagement.
In 1994, Lt. Col. Eugeniusz Ajewski, a Warsaw Uprising veteran, proposed repurposing the mound into a memorial. Collaborating with the World Association of Home Army Soldiers, Ajewski initiated the installation of a monument, rebranding the site as the Warsaw Uprising Mound. This grassroots movement, which predates official state recognition, has established the mound as a place of commemoration. The remaining area was intended for recreation, a concept integrated into a 2019 design competition that proposed integrating recreational facilities within the site, that merge history and community use.
2. The Role of Fourth Nature in Ecological Design
The mound area is an example of a site reclaimed by “Fourth Nature”, a landscape architecture concept where spontaneous vegetation takes root in neglected areas, resulting in biodiversity that enhances natural aesthetics. Designers observed this natural regeneration, utilizing pioneer and invasive species to foster a balanced ecological ecosystem. Techniques like fascine fencing and water retention systems were implemented to counter erosion, allowing the site’s flora to develop without human intervention.
Moreover, a study informed by phytosociology guided the selection of native plants, ensuring the site’s ecosystem would thrive with minimal intervention. This ecological design is supplemented by unlit zones that support nocturnal wildlife, embodying a comprehensive, multi-faceted approach to landscape architecture that respects both the environment and urban community needs.
3. Circular Legacy and Resource Reuse
Inspired by Warsaw’s historical use of war rubble in city reconstruction, architects experimented with a rubble-concrete composite so-called “Warsaw urbanite”. This material forms the park’s retaining walls and exposition elements, exemplifying a circular design philosophy central to contemporary environmental planning. The inclusion of this composite highlights principles of durability and ingenuity in landscape design, reinforcing the field’s focus on creating resilient infrastructure.
4. Community-Centered Accessibility and Recreational Design
As an inclusive urban park, the mound features accessible pathways that allow visitors of all abilities to navigate the site. Elevated pathways winding through the trees create a seamless connection to nearby rapidly developing residential areas, reflecting an integrative urban approach that respects natural habitats.
The park’s recreational areas, which include playgrounds and picnic spaces, honor the mound’s dual role as a memorial and a family-friendly environment. At its base, a natural playground invites intergenerational engagement, encouraging visitors to interact with the “Fourth Nature” environment. This balance between memory and recreation is an emerging trend in urban landscape architecture, where spaces are designed for both historical reflection and communal use.
5. A Place of Remembrance and Reflection
The summit plaza, marked by an emblematic “Kotwica” monument (anchor symbol of the Polish Underground State and Home Army), serves as a focal point for commemorating the Warsaw Uprising. This circular plaza fosters a contemplative atmosphere, allowing visitors to reflect on the city’s resilience. The space’s form and aesthetic, inspired by European mounds, highlights how landscape architecture can blend symbolic and functional design, supporting urban design’s potential to encapsulate history within public spaces.
The plaza accessed from Bartycka Street, positioned along the axis linking the summit of the mound with the park’s main entrance, serves as a key interface between the park and the urban landscape. This space, offering the only view of the mound’s summit for casual passersby, is essential for introducing the park in its entirety. Here, visitors encounter both the commemorative aspects tied to the Warsaw Uprising and symbols of the city’s post-war rebirth, alongside the park’s recreational role.
This entryway features an outdoor exhibit, integrated into tall gabion walls filled with excavated rubble. Through these displays, the story of Warsaw’s destruction and rebirth unfolds, connecting its wartime history to the present. Informational panels provide details on the natural and social legacy of the Mound, as well as the origins of bricks salvaged from pre-war buildings, allowing visitors to connect more deeply with Warsaw’s enduring heritage. The “W” hour Alley leading to the summit also displays larger rubble pieces.
6. Integrating Ravines and Naturalistic Features
The ravines cutting through the mound are constructed with reinforced concrete and rubble slopes, revealing the historic layers beneath the surface. This use of bio-receptive, recycled concrete is a nod to Warsaw’s historical after-war resourcefulness of using rubble-based construction. Eventually this composite will naturally weather, becoming partially absorbed into the landscape. Such features illustrate the intersection of landscape architecture and urban history, showcasing the enduring narrative of Warsaw’s reconstruction through tangible landscape elements.
7. A Living Legacy: Integrating Memory, Recreation and Ecology in Urban Landscape Design
The Warsaw Uprising Mound exemplifies how landscape architecture, historical memory, and urban design can be intricately woven into a cohesive public space. Through sustainable practices, resource recycling, and site specific community-focused design,the mound serves as an example of a modern approach to landscape architecture and urban planning. Its transformation from rubble to a meaningful, living memorial showcases innovative approaches to green space design. This evolving site illustrates the potential for historically charged locations to become vibrant ecological and community-centered spaces, aligning with current trends in integrating cultural heritage within contemporary urban landscapes.
(Editor / LI Qingqing)
Project Name: The Warsaw Uprising Mound Park
Project Type: Park/Public space
Project Location: Warsaw, Poland
Project Area: 82,919 m2
Design Time: 2021−2022
Completion Time: 2023
Design Firm: Archigrest, topoScape
Concrete technology: TBAiS Krzysztof Kuniczuk
Phytosociological consultation: Piotr Sikorski
Exhibition-heritage trail: Adam Przywara
Exhibition-nature trail: Kasper Jakubowski
Visual Identity and the Graphic Design of Exhibitions: Kaja Kusztra
Lead Designer: Maciej Kaufman, Marcin Maraszek, Justyna Dziedziejko, Magdalena Wnęk
Design Team: Karolina Potębska, Agata Holdenmajer, Natalia Janek, Jerzy Przychodni, Michał Trawiński, Rafał Murawski, Joanna Chylak, Anna Sternytska, Agnieszka Tama
Construction Firm: Konbud Krzystof Guraj, Paweł Komorek
Image Source: Fig 1, 4, 7, 13©Archigrest & Toposcape; Fig 2-3, 5-6, 10-12, 14-15©Michał Szlaga; ; Fig 8©Rafał Motyl, Cezary Warś; Fig 9©Archigrest
Translator: CHEN Zhuomi
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图 3 巴尔蒂卡街的广场上嵌有战争废墟的混凝土墙成为土丘的基座Figure 3. The concrete-rubble wall, embedded with fragments of pre-war buildings on Bartycka Street, forms the base of the Mound![]()
图 8 在重建公园顶部的第80届华沙起义纪念活动Figure 8. 80th commemoration of the Warsaw Uprising at the top of the reconstructed park![]()
图 10 位于石碑园角落的格宾笼，象征着战后华沙中的百万分之一瓦砾Figure 10. The corner gabion in the Lapidarium, symbolizes just one-millionth of rubble from post-war Warsaw![]()
图 11 沿着碎石展览通往土丘顶部的纪念性台阶Figure 11. Monumental steps leading to the top of the Mound along the exhibition of rubble![]()
图 12 台阶上展示的砖砌拱门碎片Figure 12. A fragment of a brick archis showcased on the main pathway![]()
图 14 混凝土沟壑作为前往土丘较高部分的通道Figure 14. A concrete rubble ravine provides access to the higher parts of the Mound![]()
图 15 没有设计边缘的小径使公园更有自然的感觉Figure 15. The park paths, designed without edges, gives the park a more natural feeling -
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图 3 巴尔蒂卡街的广场上嵌有战争废墟的混凝土墙成为土丘的基座
Figure 3. The concrete-rubble wall, embedded with fragments of pre-war buildings on Bartycka Street, forms the base of the Mound
![]()
图 8 在重建公园顶部的第80届华沙起义纪念活动
Figure 8. 80th commemoration of the Warsaw Uprising at the top of the reconstructed park
![]()
图 10 位于石碑园角落的格宾笼，象征着战后华沙中的百万分之一瓦砾
Figure 10. The corner gabion in the Lapidarium, symbolizes just one-millionth of rubble from post-war Warsaw
![]()
图 11 沿着碎石展览通往土丘顶部的纪念性台阶
Figure 11. Monumental steps leading to the top of the Mound along the exhibition of rubble
![]()
图 12 台阶上展示的砖砌拱门碎片
Figure 12. A fragment of a brick archis showcased on the main pathway
![]()
图 14 混凝土沟壑作为前往土丘较高部分的通道
Figure 14. A concrete rubble ravine provides access to the higher parts of the Mound
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